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Today is the 20th anniversary of the launch of Mac OS X, and Macworld has an interesting piece on the history leading up to it. Jason Snell goes so far as to say that the new operating system for Macs was “an act of desperation” by Apple.
The reason, he explains, is that while Apple had set a new direction for personal computers with the launch of the Macintosh in 1984, it had lost its way by the late 1990s …
In 1984, a graphical user interface on a personal computer was revolutionary; by the late 1990s, not so much.
As revolutionary as the original Mac was, it was also an early-1980s project that didn’t offer all sorts of features that would become commonplace by the late 1990s.
That operating system had been originally designed to fit in a small memory footprint and run one app at a time. Its multitasking system was problematic; clicking on an item in the menu bar and holding down the mouse button would effectively stop the entire computer from working. Its memory management system was primitive. Apple needed to make something new, a faster and more stable system that could keep up with Microsoft, which was coming at Apple with the user-interface improvements of Windows 95 and the modern-OS underpinnings of Windows NT.
https://bluedeposit-beautygamingouesdiamond.peatix.com. By 1996, says Snell, Apple had given up.
In a spectacularly humbling moment for Apple, the company began searching for a company from which it could buy or license an operating system or, at the least, use as the foundation of a new version of Mac OS. The company’s management, led by CEO Gil Amelio and CTO Ellen Hancock, clearly had come to the conclusion that Apple itself was incapable of building the next-generation Mac OS.
We all know what happened… next.
Dec. 20, 1996–Apple Computer, Inc. today announced its intention to purchase NeXT Software Inc., in a friendly acquisition for $400 million. Pending regulatory approvals, all NeXT products, services, and technology research will become part of Apple Computer, Inc. As part of the agreement, Steve Jobs, Chairman and CEO of NeXT Software, will return to Apple–the company he co-founded in 1976–reporting to Dr. Gilbert F. Amelio, Apple’s Chairman and CEO.
The acquisition will bring together Apple’s and NeXT’s innovative and complementary technology portfolios and significantly strengthens Apple’s position as a company advancing industry standards. Apple’s leadership in ease-of-use and multimedia solutions will be married to NeXT’s strengths in development software and operating environments for both the enterprise and Internet markets. NeXT’s object oriented software development products will contribute to Apple’s goal of creating a differentiated and profitable software business, with a wide range of products for enterprise, business, education, and home markets.
Snell gives a good outline of the software challenges that followed, and says that’s what makes the anniversary such an important one.
When we celebrate the 20th anniversary of Mac OS X, it’s important to realize what we’re celebrating. We’re celebrating a software release that was the culmination of Steve Jobs’s return to Apple. We’re celebrating the operating system we still use, two decades later. But we’re also celebrating the foundation of iOS, iPadOS, tvOS, and watchOS.
In that way, this isn’t just the 20th anniversary of Mac OS X 10.0. It’s the 20th anniversary of modern Apple, and the end of the dark days when Apple couldn’t fix its own operating system.
How can i use microsoft word. The full piece is a good read.
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Nmap has supported Mac OS X since 2001, and our support has only improved over time. While Mac users can compile Nmap themselves, we also offer an executable installer. Nmap makes use of Jhbuild and gtk-mac-bundler which are used to build other projects for Mac OS X, such as OpenSSL, libapr, libsvn.. Nmap is also available through systems such as MacPorts and Fink which package Unix software for Mac OS X.
The easiest way to install Nmap and Zenmap on Mac OS X is to useour installer. TheMac OS X section ofthe Nmap download page provides a file namednmap-, where<version>.dmg<version> is the version number of the mostrecent release. The.dmgfile is known as a“disk image”. Installation instructions follow:
Download the file
nmap-.Double-click the icon to open it. (Depending on how you downloaded thefile, it may be opened automatically.)<version>.dmgThe contents of the disk image will be displayed. One ofthe files will be a Mac meta-package file named
nmap-.Open it to start the installer.<version>.mpkgOn OS X 10.8 and later, you may see a dialog likeFigure 2.2.
Figure 2.2. Apple Gatekeeper block screen
If this happens, it is necessary to right-click or control-click on the.mpkgand select “Open”,as shown inFigure 2.3.Figure 2.3. Apple Gatekeeper Open menu
A dialog similar to the first will appear, this time having an“Open” button (shown inFigure 2.4).Click the button to continue.Figure 2.4. Apple Gatekeeper Open screen
Follow the instructions in theinstaller. You will be asked for your password since Nmap installs in a system directory.
Once the installer is finished, eject the disk image bycontrol-clicking on its icon and selecting“Eject”. The disk image may now be placed inthe trash.
See the instructions in the section called “Executing Nmap on Mac OS X” forhelp on running Nmap and Zenmap after they are installed.
The programs installed by the installer will run on Intel Mac OS X 10.5(Leopard) or later. Users of earlier versions will have to compile fromsource or use a third-party package. Instructions for PowerPC (PPC) Mac systems (which Apple ceased selling in 2006) are available on our wiki.
Compiling Nmap from source on Mac OS X is no more difficult thanon other platforms once a proper build environment is in place.
Compiling Nmap on Mac OS X requiresXcode,Apple's developer tools that include GCC and the rest of the usual buildsystem. Xcode is not installed by default, but can be downloaded free ofcharge from the Mac AppStore. After installing Xcode, open“Preferences”, select the“Downloads” tab, and click the“Install” next to “Command LineTools”.
Xcode installations don't always include the command line tools. You can install them by opening Xcode from the Applications folder, opening Preferencechoosing the Download header icon and clicking the Install button next to “Command Line Tools”.
Once you have installed Xcode and the command-line tools, follow the compilation instructions found in the section called “Linux/Unix Compilation and Installation from Source Code”. Note that on some older versions of Mac OS X, you may have to replace the command ./configure with ./configure CPP=/usr/bin/cpp. Also, on some newer Mac OS X versions, the libpcap version of the library provided by Apple may be too old. You may have to configure Nmap with the command ./configure --with-libpcap=included in order to use the compatible version included in Nmap, or you should update the libpcap installed on your machine.
Zenmap depends on some external libraries that do not come withMac OS X, including GTK+ and PyGTK. These libraries have many dependenciesof their own. A convenient way to install all of them is to use athird-party packaging system as described inSection . Once the dependencies areinstalled, follow the instructions in the section called “Linux/Unix Compilation and Installation from Source Code” toinstall Zenmap as usual.
Another option for installing Nmap is to use a systemwhich packages Unix software for Mac OS X. The two discussed here areFink andMacPorts. See therespective projects' web sites for how to install the packagemanagers.
To install using Fink, run the command fink installnmap. Nmap will be installed as/sw/bin/nmap. To uninstall use the commandfink remove nmap.
To install using MacPorts, run sudo portinstall nmap. Nmap will be installed as/opt/local/bin/nmap. To uninstall, runsudo port uninstall nmap.
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These systems install the nmapexecutable outside the global PATH. To enable Zenmap tofind it, set the nmap_command_path variable inzenmap.conf to /sw/bin/nmap or/opt/local/bin/nmap as described inthe section called “The nmap Executable”.
The terminal emulator in Mac OS X is calledTerminal, and is located in the directory/Applications/Utilities. Open it and aterminal window appears. This is where you will type your commands.
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By default the root user is disabled on Mac OS X. To run a scan withroot privileges prefix the command name withsudo,asin sudo nmap -sS <target>.You will be asked for a password, which is just your normal loginpassword. Only users with administrator privileges can do this.
Zenmap requires the X11 application tobe installed. If it was not installed by default it may be available asan optional install on the Mac OS X installation discs.
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When Zenmap is started, a dialog is displayed requesting that youtype your password. Users withadministrator privilegesmay enter theirpassword to allow Zenmap to run as the root user and run more advancedscans. To run Zenmap in unprivileged mode, select the“Cancel” button on this authentication dialog.
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